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AQA Physics Paper 2 Notes

April 13, 2017April 27, 2019

Below find a complete set of notes for paper 2 of the AQA AS and A-Level Physics specification.

Complete Paper 2 Notes

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Posted in: 3.6 Further Mechanics and Thermal Physics (A-Level only), 3.6.1 Periodic Motion, 3.6.1.1 Circular motion, 3.6.1.2 Simple harmonic motion (SHM), 3.6.1.3 Simple harmonic systems, 3.6.1.4 Forced vibrations and resonance, 3.6.2 Thermal Physics, 3.6.2.1 Thermal energy transfer, 3.6.2.2 Ideal gases, 3.6.2.3 Molecular kinetic theory model, 3.7 Fields and their consequences (A-Level only), 3.7.1 Fields, 3.7.2 Gravitational Fields, 3.7.2.1 Newton's Law, 3.7.2.2 Gravitational field strength, 3.7.2.3 Gravitational potential, 3.7.2.4 Orbits of planets and satellites, 3.7.3 Electric Fields, 3.7.3.1 Coulomb's Law, 3.7.3.2 Electric field strength, 3.7.3.3 Electric potential, 3.7.4 Capacitance, 3.7.4.1 Capacitance, 3.7.4.2 Parallel plate capacitor, 3.7.4.3 Energy stored by a capacitor, 3.7.4.4 Capacitor charge and discharge, 3.7.5 Magnetic Fields, 3.7.5.1 Magnetic flux density, 3.7.5.2 Moving charges in a magnetic field, 3.7.5.3 Magnetic flux and flux linkage, 3.7.5.4 Electromagnetic induction, 3.7.5.5 Alternating currents, 3.8 Nuclear Physics (A-Level only), 3.8.1 Radioactivity, 3.8.1.1 Rutherford scattering, 3.8.1.2 Alpha, beta and gamma radiation, 3.8.1.3 Radioactive decay, 3.8.1.4 Nuclear instability, 3.8.1.5 Nuclear radius, 3.8.1.6 Mass and energy, 3.8.1.7 Induced fission, 3.8.1.8 Safety aspects, AQA Physics Notes, AQA Physics Paper 2, AS and A-Level AQA Physics (First examination 2017), Forces and Newton's Laws, Kinematics, Moments, Notes, Physics Notes | Tagged: 2pif, 3.6 further mechanics and thermal physics, 3.6.1 Periodic Motion, 3.6.1.1 Circular motion, 3.6.1.2 simple harmonic motion (SMH), 3.6.1.3 Simple harmonic systems, 3.6.1.4 Forced vibrations and resonance, 3.6.2 Thermal Physics, 3.6.2.1 Thermal energy transfer, 3.6.2.2 Ideal gases, 3.6.2.3 Molecular kinetic theory model, 3.7 fields, 3.7.1 Fields, 3.7.2 Gravitational Fields, 3.7.2.1 Newton's Law, 3.7.2.1 newton's laws, 3.7.2.2 Gravitational field strength, 3.7.2.3 Gravitational potential, 3.7.2.4 Orbits of planets and satellites, 3.7.3 Electric Fields, 3.7.3.1 Coulomb's Law, 3.7.3.2 Electric field strength, 3.7.4 Capacitance, 3.7.4.2 Parallel plate capacitor, 3.7.4.3 energy stored in a capacitor, 3.7.4.4 Capacitor charge and discharge, 3.7.5 Magnetic Fields, 3.7.5.1 Magnetic flux density, 3.7.5.2 Moving charges in a magnetic field, 3.7.5.3 Magnetic flux and flux linkage, 3.7.5.4 Electromagnetic induction, 3.7.5.5 Alternating currents, 3.7.5.6 the operation of a transformer, 3.8 nuclear physics, 3.8.1 Radioactivity, 3.8.1.1 Rutherford scattering, 3.8.1.2 Alpha, beta and gamma radiation, 3.8.1.3 Radioactive decay, 3.8.1.4 Nuclear instability, 3.8.1.5 Nuclear radius, 3.8.1.6 Mass and energy, 3.8.1.7 Induced fission, 3.8.1.8 Safety aspects, a simple algebraic approach involving conservation of momentum is required, A=lambdaN, a=v^2/r=omega^2r, absolute zero, absolute zero thermal physics aqa paper 2, acceleration defined as rate of change of velocity, analysis of characteristics of simple harmonic motion (SHM), angular speed equation, application to the calculation of mains electricity peak and peak-to-peak voltage values, applications also include thickness measurements of aliminium foil paper and steel, applications eg relevance to storage of radioactive waste radioactive dating etc, applications eg to safe handling of radioactive sources, applications such as a straight conductor moving in a magnetic field, appreciation of balance between risk and benefits in the uses of radiation in medicine, appreciation of how knowledge and understanding of the strucure of the nucleus has changed over time, appreciation that air can be treated as a vacuum when calculating force between charges, appreciation that during a change of state the potential energies of the particle ensemble are changing but not the kinetic energies. calculations involving transfer of energy, appreciation that E=mc^2 applies to all energy changes, appreciation that for an ideal gas internal energy is kinetic energy of the atoms, appreciation that knowlegdge of the physics of nuclear energy allows society to use science to inform decision making, appreciation that the v-t graph is derived from the gradient of the x-t graph and that the a-t graph is derived from the gradient of the v-t graph, AQA physics circular motion, AQA physics further mechanics, aqa physics gravitational fields, AQA Physics Paper 2, AQA physics thermal physics, assumptions leading to pv=Nmcrms^2/3 including derivation of the equation and calculations, atomic mass unit u, Avogadro constant Na molar gas constant R Boltzmann constant k, background radiation; examples of its origins and experimental elimination from calculations, Boltzmann constant what is it, Brownian motion as evidence for existence of atoms, calculation of nuclear, calculation of time constant including their determination from graphical data, calculations including continuous flow, capacitor charging equation, capacitor discharging equation, causes of inefficiencies in a transformer, centripetal acceleration, centripetal acceleration equation, centripetal force equation, centripetal force F = mv^2/R = momega^2R, change in potential from area under graph of g against r, changes in N and Z caused by radioactive decay and representation in simply decay equations. Questions may use nuclear energy level diagrams, circular motion explained, circular path of particles; application in devices such as cyclotron, comparison of magnitude of gravitational and electrostatic forces between subatomic particles, concept of a force field as region in which a body experiences a non-contact force, concept of absolute zero of temperature, condition for SHM: A is proportional to -x, conversion of units; 1u=931.5MeV, corresponding graphs for Q V and I against time for charging and discharging, damping and simple harmonic motion, damping in SHM, define force field, define gravity force, define internal energy physics, define internal energy physics aqa, define simple harmonic motion, Defining equation a=-omega^2x, definition of capacitance C=Q/V, deltaV from area under graph of g against r, depedence of radius on nucleon number, derivation of pv=1/3Nrms^2 equation, details of particualr reactors are not required, determination of half-life from graphical decay data including decay curves and log graphs, dielectric action in a capacitor C=Aeoer/D, direction of angular velocity will not be considered, direction of force on positive and negative charged particles, displacement in circular motion, effects of damping on oscillations, electric field strength variance with radius and potential, electric potential related to electric field strength by E=deltaV/deltaR, electric potential relation to electric field strength, Energy considerations for an orbiting satellite, energy equation for a capacitor, equation capacitor, equations describing simple harmonic motion, equipotential surfaces, equipotential surfaces AQA physics paper 2, equipotential surfaces charge, escape velocity, estimate the radius from closest approach of alpha particles and determination of radius from electron diffraction, examples of simple harmonic motion, examples of these effects in mechanical systems and situations involving stationary waves, existence of nuclear excited states; gamma ray emission; application eg use of technetium-99M as a gamma source in medical diagnosis, experimental gas laws, experimental verification of inverse-square law, experiments; applications eg relative to hazards of exposure to humans, explanation of relationships between p V and T in terms of a simple molecular model, factors affecting the choice of materials for the moderator control rods and coolant. Examples of materials used for these functions, faradays and Lenz's laws, fields aqa physics paper 2, first law of thermodynamics aqa physics, fission and fusion processes, fission induced by thermal neutrons' possibility of a chain reaction; critical mass, fleming's left hand rule, fleming's left hand rule is used for electric motors to describe something called the motor effect. it is used when dealing with situations involving the forces experienced by current carrying wires p, flux and flux linkage passing through a rectangular coil rotated in a magnetic field, Flux linkage as Nphi where Nphi where N is the number of turns cutting the flux, flux linkage equation, flux linkage Nphi=BAcostheta, for a change of state q=ml where l is the specific latent heat, for a change of temperature: Q=mcdelta theta where c is specific heat capacity, for a charged sphere charge may be considered to be at the centre, force between charges equation, force between point charges in a vacuum equation, force fields arise from the interaction of mass static charge and between moving charges, force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field: F=BIl when field is perpendicular to current, force on charged particles moving in a magnetic field F=BGv when the field is perpendicular to velocity, forced vibrations aqa physics, forced vibrations physics, free vibrations aqa physics, fuel used remote handling of fuel shielding emergency shut-down, G as force per unit mass defined by g=F/m, gas laws are experimental relationships between p V T and the mass of the gas, gradient of a v-t graph, gradient of an x-t graph, graph of average binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number, graph of N against Z for stable nuclei, graphical representation of charging and discharging of capacitors through resistors, graphical representation of simple harmonic motion (SHM), graphical representations of variations of E with V and R, graphical representations of variations of g and V with R, graphs of variation of energy in simple harmonic systems, gravity as a universal attractive force acting between all matter, half-life equation: t1/2, how do we define 'g', how does a mass-spring system work, how does a pendulum work physics, idea that no work is done when moving along an equipotential surface, ideal gas equation: pV=nRT for N moles and pV=NkT for N molecules, internal energy, internal energy is the sum of the randomly distributed kinetic energies and potential energies of the particles in a body, interpretation of equation as evidence for constant density of nuclear material, interpretation of gradients and areas under graphs where appropriate, interpretation of the area under a graph of charge against pd. E=QV/2=CV^2/2=Q/2C^2, inverse-square law for radiation: I=k/x^2, Keplers first law, Keplers law, knowlege of typical values for nuclear radius, magnetic flu equation, magnetic flux density B and definition of the tesla, magnetic flux is defined by phi=BA where B is normal to A, magnitude of angular speed, magnitude of force between point masses: where G is the gravitational constant, magnitude of g/gravitational field strength in a radial field given by g=GM/R^2, magnitude of V in a radial field equation charge, maximum acceleration = omega^2A, maximum acceleration simple harmonic motion, maximum speed = omegaA, maximum speed in simple harmonic motion, Modelling with constant decay probaility, molar gas constant, molar mass and molecular mass aqa physics paper 2 explained, motion in a circular path at constant speed implies there is an acceleration and requires a centripetal force, no details of the structure of the instrument are required but familiarity with the operation of the controls is expected, omega=vr=2pif, orbital period and speed related to radius of circular orbit; derivation of t^2 proportional to R^3, periodic motion explained, permittivity of free space e0, possible decay modes of unstable nuclei including alpha beta plus beta munus and electron capture, production of eddy currents, production remote handling and storage of radioactive waste materials, qualitative study of rutherford scattering, qualitative treatment of free and forced vibrations, Quantitative treatment of capacitor charge Q=Qo(1-e^-t/RC), quantitative treatment of capacitor discharging Q=Q0e^-t/RC, questions may also involve molar mass or the avogadro constant, questions may be set which require students to use, questions may involve other harmonic oscillators eg Lin a liquid u-tube but full information will be provided in questions where necessary, R=RoA^1/3 derived from experimental data, radian as a measure of angle, Random nature of radioactive decay; constant decay probaility of a given nucelus; deltaN/de;taT = -lambdaN, relative permittivity and dielectric constant, representation of a gravitational field by gravitational field lines, representing force fields as vectors, resonance and the effects of damping on the sharpness of resonance, significance of negative sign in V=-GM/.R, similarities and differences between gravitational and electrostatic forces, simnple calculations from nuclear masses of energy released in fission and fusion reactions, simple calculations involving mass difference and binding energy, simple experimental phenomena, simple harmonic systems aqa physics, sinusoidal voltages and currents only; root mean square peak and peak-to-peak values for sinusoidal waveforms only, specific latent heat aqa physics, students may be expected to identify on the plot the regions where nuclei will release energy when undergoing fission/fusion, students should be able to describe the action of a simple polar molecule that rotates in the presence of an electric field, students should familiar with the graph of intensity against angle for electron diffraction by a nucleus, students should have studied a simple mechanical model of moderation by elastic collisions, students should recognise that a force field can be represented as a vectors the direction of which must be determined by inspection, students should understand that the gas laws are empirical in nature whereas the kinetic theory model arises from theory, students will need to be familiar with the coulomb equation for the closest approach estimate, study of mass-spring system, study of simple pendulum, synchronous orbits, the derivation of the centripetal acceleration formula will not be examined, the functions of a moderator control rods and coolant in a thermal nuclear reactor, the internal energy of a system is increased when energy is transferred to it by heating or when work is done on it (and vice versa) eg a qualitative treatment of the first law of thermodynamics, the transformer equation: Ns/Np=Vs/Vp, their properties and experimental indentification using simple absorption, time constant RC, time to halve t1/2=0.69RC, total energy of an orbiting satellite, Tranformer efficiency = IsVs/IpVp, transmission of electrical power at high voltage including calculations of power loss in transmission lines, understanding of definition of absolute electric potential including zero value at infinity and of electric potential difference, understanding of definition of gravitational potential including zero value at infinity, understanding of gravitational potential difference, use of activity equation, use of an oscilloscope as a DC and AC voltmeter to measure time intervals and frequencies and to display AC waveforms, use of average molecular kinetic energy=1/3Nmcrms=2kT/3=2RT/3Na, use of satellites in low orbits and geostationary orbits to include plane and radius of geostationary orbit, use of the corresponding equations for V and I, V in a radial field given by V=-GM/R, V related to E by E=-deltaV/deltaR, V related to g by g = -deltaV/deltaR, V related to g by g=-V/R, variation of kinetic energy and potential energy and total energy with both displacement and time, variation of kinetic energy in a simple harmonic system with respect to displacement, variation of kinetic energy in a simple harmonic system with respect to time, variation of potential energy in a simple harmonic system with respect to displacement, variation of potential energy in a simple harmonic system with respect to time, variation of total energy in a simple harmonic motion (SMH) system with respect to displacement, variation of total energy in a simple harmonic motion (SMH) system with respect to time, velocity defined as rate of change of displacement, velocity in circular motion, what is an ideal gas, What is angular speed, What is centripetal acceleration, what is coulombs law, what is simple harmonic motion, what is specific latent heat, what is the Avogadro constant, what is the centripetal force, what is the permittivity of free space, work done = pdeltaV, work done =pV, work done in moving a mass given by deltaW=mdletaV, work done in moving a mass given by W=mV, work done in moving charge q given by deltaW=qdeltaV, work done in moving charges q given by W=gV, x = Acos(omegat) AND graphical representations linking the variations of x v and a with time

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Marksphysicshelp aims to provide a complete set of resources for A-Level, GCSE, and University level courses. The name suggests only Physics is covered, but in fact this is indicative of the original purpose of the site. Now though, the site covers Physics. Biology, Mathematics and hopefully more soon.

I really hope this site can help you. I have tried to make resources and provide information in line with that which I would have wanted when I was doing my A-levels. For instance, the physics notes (found via the A-level project above or through the navigation menu) are written in line with the specification, leaving (hopefully) no stone unturned. Please let me know if you have resources you'd like me to post - for any subject!

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